Provenance

Sources

Every chart reads its numbers from the source below and checks at least one against a figure the source itself publishes; where no such figure exists, the chart says so on /methods. Charts are rebuilt on weekday evenings.

Bank for International Settlements

Policy rates at the centre and the peripheryHierarchy of money · Price
Currency shares of international bonds issued in a foreign currencyTransaction cycle · Financing
Currency shares of international debt securitiesTransaction cycle · Financing
Currency shares of banks' cross-border lendingTransaction cycle · Financing
Currency shares of foreign-exchange tradingTransaction cycle · Risk transfer
China's official reserves and its banks' foreign-currency assets abroadTransaction cycle · Reinvestment

28 inputs · data through Sep 2026

Boz et al. (2025), Global Trade Invoicing Currency Patterns Database

Share of exports invoiced in U.S. dollarsTransaction cycle · Pricing
The currencies Russia's exports are invoiced inTransaction cycle · Pricing

10 inputs · data through 2023

Federal Register

Commerce rules adding companies to the Entity ListEconomic statecraft · Technology

1 input · data through 2026

FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

The dollar against a broad basket of trading partnersHierarchy of money · Price
Dollars lent to foreign central banks through Fed swap linesHierarchy of money · Access
Treasuries and agency bonds the New York Fed holds for foreign central banksTransaction cycle · Reinvestment
The U.S. tariff rate actually collectedEconomic statecraft · Trade

6 inputs · data through 21 Oct 2026

International Monetary Fund

Currency shares of the world's foreign-exchange reservesTransaction cycle · Reinvestment
Gold's share of the world's official reserves, at market pricesTransaction cycle · Reinvestment
China's official reserves and its banks' foreign-currency assets abroadTransaction cycle · Reinvestment

9 inputs · data through 2026 Q2

Federal Reserve Bank of New York

The New York Fed's estimates of the neutral real interest rateNotes

3 inputs · data through 2026 Q2

U.S. Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control

Entries added to the U.S. sanctions list each yearEconomic statecraft · Finance
Where the entries added to the U.S. sanctions list are basedEconomic statecraft · Finance

9 inputs · data through 2026

U.S. Treasury, Treasury International Capital System

The largest foreign holders of U.S. Treasury securitiesTransaction cycle · Reinvestment
Share of foreign-held Treasuries owned by central banks and governmentsTransaction cycle · Reinvestment

7 inputs · data through Aug 2026

U.S. International Trade Commission

U.S. tariffs since 1891, as duties collected on importsEconomic statecraft · Trade

2 inputs · data through 2025

World Bank, World Development Indicators

How many months of imports emerging-market reserves would coverHierarchy of money · Constraint

6 inputs · data through 2025